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Chicago Blackhawks
2026-27 season preview

Chicago Blackhawks

41-33-1092 pts19th of 32
Goals for
3.16
30th in the league
Goals against
3.22
27th in the league
Power play
16.9%
29th in the league

Kodo projects the Chicago Blackhawks for 41-33-10 (92 pts), carried by 2nd-ranked penalty kill. In a norfolk in chance league, the fantasy value runs through Connor Bedard and Anton Frondell. 2 core skaters project to rise and 5 to slip. Spencer Knight is the projected starter.

Your categories · using the preset above
leagueNorfolk in Chance· equal-weight z-scores over the categories your league counts
Breakout watch
projects 42.8 pts on a rising role (L2·PP2)
Regression watch
finishing/on-ice luck ran hot — expect some pullback off last year's line
Buy-low
underlying shot/chance rates outran the results — a discount vs name value
The crease
Spencer Knight
Spencer Knight projects the crease (~55 starts)
Sleeper
projects 46 pts
Contents · 12 sections

Latest

lines, injuries and roster moves 1 / 12
TransactionTyler Bertuzzi added to CHI roster · NHL transactions2026-08-13
TransactionSacha Boisvert added to CHI roster · NHL transactions2026-08-13
TransactionRyan Donato added to CHI roster · NHL transactions2026-08-13
TransactionConnor Bedard added to CHI roster · NHL transactions2026-08-13
TransactionAnton Frondell added to CHI roster · NHL transactions2026-08-13
Each item names its source. Kodo's own projected line changes are not reported here.
Carried into camp
Connor BedardOut — Shoulder · CBS2026-07-08 · 43d
Artyom LevshunovProbable for start of season — Hand · CBS2026-03-31 · 142d
Reported more than 30 days ago, so listed as a standing condition rather than news. The date is the one the injury feed carries, which is the game the player was expected to miss — not the day anything was last checked.

Where this team sits

last season vs projection 2 / 12
25-2626-27Change
Goals for2.5631st3.1614th+0.60▲17
Goals against3.2927th3.2226th-0.07▲1
Power play16.929th20.6716th+3.77▲13
Penalty kill83.62nd81.036th-2.57▼4
Faceoffs4631st47.8232nd+1.82▼1
Points percentage0.43931st0.54819th+0.109▲12
How these projections are made
Both bars share one scale per row — the wider of the two league ranges — so a bar that moves is a number that moved. The grey tick is that column's league average, and the arrow is the change in league rank. Goals-against and expected-goals-against rank ascending, so low is good and green always means improved.
Goals for, goals against and points percentage come from the roster: summed player projections over the real 26-27 schedule, last season's expected goals against regressed toward the league and adjusted for projected goaltending, and a game-by-game simulation of that schedule.
The special teams are projected from how much each number actually carries over year to year, measured across 298 team-season pairs going back to 2010-11. The power play uses one prior season shrunk 0.36; the penalty kill uses three, weighted .5/.3/.2 and shrunk 0.38. Special teams barely persist, so a league-worst penalty kill is mostly bad luck and comes most of the way back, while the faceoff dot is a repeatable team skill. How far a club moves depends on how far from the mean it started: Vancouver sits near league average on both the power play and the faceoff dot and barely shifts, while Edmonton's 30.6% power play comes back to the middle and this penalty kill, worst in the league, is the biggest riser of all 32.
The penalty kill averages three seasons because one measures it so badly. Split a single season's spread into ability and sampling noise — a kill rate is a binomial over about 250 opportunities, so the noise is known rather than guessed — and only 33% of the gap between clubs is real. Divide the year-over-year correlation by that and the ability underneath comes out near 1.0: penalty killing is almost perfectly persistent and merely hard to see in one season. The cure for a noisy measurement is more of it, and three seasons beat one by 4.3% out of sample. Because averaging reorders clubs, that row's rank is a real forecast; the rows marked = are single-season regressions, which compress the values but keep them in order, so their rank is last season's by construction and only the value is a prediction.
A roster-aware faceoff model was built and rejected on the evidence. Draw counts are not stored, but they can be recovered exactly from the per-game percentages, and with real draws a club's number reconstructs from its own centres. It still does not predict better: given a club's first half to learn from and even handed the second half's draw distribution, it scored 2.24 against the plain regression's 2.26 across 32 clubs, and the best blend of the two puts almost no weight on it. A team's faceoff percentage already carries who takes its draws. Expected goals has no team projection at all, so that row shows last season alone.

How last season went

in quarters — where the season was won and lost 3 / 12
They faded from where they started-21 points of win percentage between the first quarter and the last.
Oct–Nov10-0711-20
50%10-10
for3.30
against2.60
Nov–Jan11-2101-03
29%6-15
for2.33
against3.81
Jan–Mar01-0403-03
35%7-13
for2.40
against3.15
Mar–Apr03-0604-15
29%6-15
for2.38
against3.81
Why the shape matters more than the total
Every rate on the board above is a season average, and an average cannot tell a club that was good all year from one that was excellent for six weeks and ordinary after. Those are different teams to draft into: the second one probably changed — an injury, a call-up, a coach — and whatever changed is likelier to still be true in October than the average is.
Read it against the roster movement section. A club that faded and then lost its best defenceman is not going to bounce; one that faded while carrying injuries and got everybody back is a different case entirely.
Quarters are equal shares of the games actually played, so the windows differ slightly by club depending on scheduling.

Schedule shape

games per week and per month, light nights, back-to-backs 4 / 12
Light nights
29.8%13th
25 of 84 games
Four-game weeks
89th
4 weeks of two or fewer
Back-to-backs
1216th
roughly one backup start each
Playoff-week games
1012th
over 3 weeks · 1 back-to-back
Games per week
2026-09-28on light nights2027-04-05
Games by month
Sep*
1
Oct
13
Nov
14
Dec
10
Jan
16
Feb
9
Mar
16
Apr*
5
* part of a month — the season opens and closes mid-month.
Why these three and not a schedule score
They answer different formats, so combining them would hide the answer rather than give it. Four-game weeks decide weekly-lineup leagues: the same player produces a third more in a four-game week than a three-game one, and clubs differ by several such weeks across a season. Light nights decide daily leagues and streaming — a light night is one carrying no more than the league's median number of games (6 this season), so your man is a far larger share of everything available than he is on a sixteen-game Tuesday. Playoff-week games counts the last three weeks of the season excluding the final one — most head-to-head leagues have crowned a champion before the NHL finishes, and that last week is short and full of rested stars. Back-to-backs decide the crease, because a starter rarely takes both ends, so each one is roughly a start handed to the backup.
Ranks are against all 32 clubs, and the whole thing is read off the published slate — no projection is involved.

Projected lineup

lines, pairs and both special teams, with what each man projects for 5 / 12
Lineup notes
This is the lineup the club can ice on opening night, not its best-case group. A player expected to miss more than the opening month is left out and his slot goes to whoever takes it — he keeps his projection below, he is out of the lineup, not out of the season.
Connor BedardShoulder: Expected to be out until at least Nov 11 · still projected 61 games
Projected ice time totals 298.1 of the 300 skater-minutes a game has. Power play 3.16′ on the first unit, 1.79′ on the second; the kill 2.35′, 1.67′ and 1′ across three units — all measured.Change this lineup →

Forward lines

L1
LW
Anton FrondellG: 96th percentileA: 41st percentilePPP: 82nd percentileSOG: 99th percentileHIT: 76th percentileBLK: 50th percentilePIM: 20th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
46 pts · 18.0′
33G · 13A · 287SOG · 108HIT · 43BLK
C
Ryan DonatoG: 75th percentileA: 54th percentilePPP: 58th percentileSOG: 66th percentileHIT: 63rd percentileBLK: 7th percentilePIM: 75th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
36 pts · 14.8′
18G · 18A · 125SOG · 82HIT · 20BLK
RW
Patrick KaneG: 74th percentileA: 86th percentilePPP: 87th percentileSOG: 77th percentileHIT: 4th percentileBLK: 8th percentilePIM: 9th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
53 pts · 18.0′
17G · 36A · 149SOG · 18HIT · 21BLK
L2
LW
Tyler BertuzziG: 90th percentileA: 70th percentilePPP: 86th percentileSOG: 76th percentileHIT: 41st percentileBLK: 18th percentilePIM: 78th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
51 pts · 16.6′
26G · 25A · 142SOG · 59HIT · 26BLK
C
Frank NazarG: 75th percentileA: 73rd percentilePPP: 76th percentileSOG: 72nd percentileHIT: 21st percentileBLK: 44th percentilePIM: 45th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
43 pts · 16.9′
17G · 26A · 135SOG · 37HIT · 40BLK
RW
Teuvo TeravainenG: 67th percentileA: 74th percentilePPP: 87th percentileSOG: 52nd percentileHIT: 8th percentileBLK: 41st percentilePIM: 2nd percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
41 pts · 18.9′
14G · 27A · 96SOG · 22HIT · 38BLK
L3
LW
Ryan GreeneG: 66th percentileA: 53rd percentilePPP: 58th percentileSOG: 59th percentileHIT: 31st percentileBLK: 34th percentilePIM: 18th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
32 pts · 16.3′
14G · 18A · 111SOG · 46HIT · 34BLK
C
Oliver MooreG: 46th percentileA: 50th percentilePPP: 62nd percentileSOG: 32nd percentileHIT: 15th percentileBLK: 4th percentilePIM: 32nd percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
24 pts · 15.0′
8G · 17A · 73SOG · 30HIT · 18BLK
RW
Roman KantserovG: 84th percentileA: 54th percentilePPP: 59th percentileSOG: 91st percentileHIT: 67th percentileBLK: 28th percentilePIM: 55th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
40 pts · 14.0′
22G · 18A · 191SOG · 90HIT · 31BLK
L4
LW
Andrew MangiapaneG: 52nd percentileA: 31st percentilePPP: 39th percentileSOG: 33rd percentileHIT: 51st percentileBLK: 23rd percentilePIM: 70th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
19 pts · 11.7′
9G · 10A · 73SOG · 70HIT · 29BLK
C
Nick LardisG: 60th percentileA: 27th percentilePPP: 57th percentileSOG: 44th percentileHIT: 51st percentileBLK: 5th percentilePIM: 16th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
20 pts · 10.7′
12G · 9A · 86SOG · 70HIT · 19BLK
RW
Landon SlaggertG: 16th percentileA: 7th percentilePPP: 6th percentileSOG: 15th percentileHIT: 58th percentileBLK: 15th percentilePIM: 33rd percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
5 pts · 12.4′
2G · 3A · 55SOG · 75HIT · 25BLK

Defence pairs

D1
LD
Bowen ByramG: 55th percentileA: 78th percentilePPP: 61st percentileSOG: 53rd percentileHIT: 41st percentileBLK: 83rd percentilePIM: 81st percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
39 pts · 21.9′
10G · 29A · 98SOG · 58HIT · 94BLK
RD
Artyom LevshunovG: 27th percentileA: 69th percentilePPP: 72nd percentileSOG: 49th percentileHIT: 68th percentileBLK: 74th percentilePIM: 73rd percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
27 pts · 22.6′
4G · 23A · 92SOG · 90HIT · 75BLK
D2
LD
Ian ColeG: 11th percentileA: 37th percentilePPP: 6th percentileSOG: 13th percentileHIT: 54th percentileBLK: 97th percentilePIM: 84th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
13 pts · 19.2′
2G · 12A · 53SOG · 72HIT · 141BLK
RD
Alex VlasicG: 18th percentileA: 60th percentilePPP: 49th percentileSOG: 47th percentileHIT: 24th percentileBLK: 94th percentilePIM: 26th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
22 pts · 19.2′
3G · 19A · 89SOG · 39HIT · 128BLK
D3
LD
Sam RinzelG: 27th percentileA: 40th percentilePPP: 42nd percentileSOG: 56th percentileHIT: 39th percentileBLK: 73rd percentilePIM: 76th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
17 pts · 15.8′
4G · 13A · 105SOG · 56HIT · 70BLK
RD
Wyatt KaiserG: 20th percentileA: 17th percentilePPP: 17th percentileSOG: 28th percentileHIT: 29th percentileBLK: 74th percentilePIM: 50th percentileGAPPPSOGHITBLKPIM
9 pts · 16.5′
3G · 6A · 68SOG · 45HIT · 73BLK

Special teams

Scratches & depth

Roster movement & minutes

who changed, and the minutes freed 6 / 12
In Bedard, Frondell, Donato, Boisvert, Bertuzzi, Kane, Smith, Cole, Moore, Mangiapane, Lardis, Byram
Callup West, Kantserov, Vanacker, Nestrasil, Frondell, Mastro
Out Mikheyev, Burakovsky→OTT, Crevier→BUF, Murphy→EDM, Dickinson→EDM, Foligno→MIN, Dach→EDM, Grzelcyk
Donato14.716.2 +1.5
Levshunov19.621 +1.4
Cole18.319.4 +1.1
Lardis12.711.5 -1.2
Bertuzzi18.417 -1.4
Nazar18.316.8 -1.5
Kaiser19.617.9 -1.7
Vlasic21.119.4 -1.7
Biggest projected minute changes either way — a club's ice time is a fixed budget, so the departures above are what free it up. Full board →

Camp battles

contested roles, priced in points 7 / 12
Top power-play unit — forward slotUNDERDEPLOYED7 pts at stake
holds it
Teuvo Teravainen
41 proj pts · 17.4′ · 2.8′ PP
vs
pushing
Roman Kantserov
40 proj pts · 13.8′ · 1.2′ PP
Teuvo Teravainenmodel favours the challengerRoman Kantserov
1.40 more min/game on PP1 (measured PP1 vs PP2 minutes), at the challenger's own scoring rate over a full season. Power-play gaps come from measured PP minutes last season; even-strength gaps from the role model that drives every projection on this page.

Power play

16.9% last season · who it runs through, and what is left of it 8 / 12
Conversion
16.9%
on the man advantage
PP goals
43
518 shots
Expected goals
48.1
-5.1 vs actual
Shooting
8.3%
of PP shots go in
Who it runs through · last season
PlayerPP/gmSharePPGPPAPPP/60ixGIPPFocal
Teravainen2.8442%712195.353.861%1.28
Bedard3.5152%714215.26.371%1.25
Moore1.1216%2355.240.764%1.25
Bertuzzi3.2848%1110214.871062%1.17
Nazar3.1947%48123.425.963%0.82
Levshunov2.8241%110113.441.452%0.82
Lardis1.5523%2132.841.20.68
Frondell3.653%0222.781.80.67
Greene1.4321%1342.081.450%0.5
Donato1.5723%1120.933.252%0.23
What IPP, focal and ixG mean
IPP is the share of the power-play goals he was on the ice for that he got a point on. It is the direct form of “the play runs through him”: two men can take the same unit minutes while one touches the puck on every goal and the other watches from the far circle. League average on the power play is 59%. It is computed from the on-ice record of every goal, corrected for the ~18% of goals with no on-ice row and shrunk toward the positional mean for thin samples, so it cannot exceed 1.
Focal is the older, cruder version — his share of the team's power-play points over his share of its minutes. It is team-relative, so it moves when a teammate is injured; IPP does not. ixG is the expected goals from his own shots on the man advantage. Minutes are measured, not modelled.
Projected PP1Bertuzzi19 PPP (21 last yr)Teravainen20 PPP (19 last yr)Levshunov9 PPP (11 last yr)Frondell16 PPP (2 last yr)Kane20 PPP (19 last yr)
Projected PP2Nazar12 PPP (12 last yr)Greene5 PPP (4 last yr)Moore6 PPP (5 last yr)Byram5 PPP (7 last yr)Kantserov5 PPP

Hits, blocks and the rest

what a banger league is won with 9 / 12
Hits
160027th
projected, this roster · of 32
Blocks
118828th
projected, this roster · of 32
Shots
25978th
projected, this roster · of 32
Penalty minutes
75415th
projected, this roster · of 32
Faceoff wins
128632nd
projected, this roster · of 32
H+B
278828th
projected, this roster · of 32
S+H+B
538424th
projected, this roster · of 32
Who supplies them
PlayerGPHits/60Blks/60PKPIMFOW+/-H+BS+H+B
Cole D272722.921416.043.349+8213265
Smith6717412.39231.292.0487-5197266
Levshunov D1·PP164904.41753.380.840-17165257
Greenway631146.9412.662.05213-8155215
Byram D1·PP276581.64943.051.945+9153251
Vlasic D280391.021284.182.820-11167256
Frondell L1·PP1791082.26433.670.1180151438
Rinzel D359562.98703.830.442-2126230
Mastro51614.26594.930.834-6120166
Kantserov L3·PP256906.99312.41300121312
Kaiser D366451.79732.742.028-6118186
Donato L178823.88201.050.141170-11102227
Mangiapane L469705.03292.170.3384-1099172
Bertuzzi L2·PP178592.27260.990.14338-1685227
Slaggert L456758.44252.561.2221-2101155
Lardis L450706.57191.380.1171-688174
Korchinski60191.36644.410.222-1183138
Nazar L2·PP263371.84402.141.326343-977212
Greene L3·PP272462.22341.641.817304-581192
Bedard61321.29261.120.344247-1458267
Boisvert2949161906591
Teravainen L2·PP178220.94381.932.0952-2060156
What actually moves these numbers
Penalty-kill time is the strongest driver of blocks we can measure. Across 1,504 consecutive season pairs, a skater who gains a minute of shorthanded time a game adds a median 9.5 blocks over 84 games — a defenceman 16 — and the effect runs monotonically the other way too: lose a minute and it is −15.6, or −25.9 for a defenceman. The PK column is here for that reason.
But it is mostly the minutes, not the man. Shorthanded time correlates +0.52 with blocks per 60 across players and only +0.14 within the same player year to year, which says coaches pick shot-blockers for the kill more than the kill turns anyone into one. A player promoted onto PK1 gains blocks because he is on the ice for more shots, not because he changed — so price the ice time, not a breakout.
Hits run opposite to ice time. Total minutes correlate −0.57 with hits per 60, and −0.60 among forwards: the fourth line hits, the first line does not. So a rate beats a total here more than in any other category, which is what the /60 columns are for — a checker on eleven minutes at 12 hits per 60 is worth more than a first-liner at 5 on nineteen, and their season totals can look identical.
Power-play time predicts the absence of all of it — −0.43 with hits per 60, −0.47 with blocks, −0.26 with penalty minutes. The men who run a power play are not the men who supply a banger roster, which is why the two sections of this page rarely name anybody twice.
Faceoff wins are a volume category. They track draws taken far more than win rate, so the man to want is the one taking the most — normally the first-line centre and whoever takes defensive-zone draws on the kill.
Measured on 2022-23 through 2025-26, skaters with 40+ games and 200+ minutes at both ends of each pair.

Contracts and the cap

what the roster costs, and who reaches the market 10 / 12
$89.8Mcommitted · 25 of 29 on file
13reach the market after this season

Pending free agents · this summer

Teuvo TeravainenCUFA$5.40M41 pts
Ian ColeDUFA$4.00M13 pts
Jordan GreenwayLUFA$4.00M8 pts
Andrew MangiapaneLUFA$3.60M19 pts
Arvid SoderblomGUFA$2.75M
Wyatt KaiserDRFA$1.70M9 pts
Artyom LevshunovDRFA$0.97M27 pts
Ryan GreeneCRFA$0.95M32 pts
Sam RinzelDRFA$0.94M17 pts
Oliver MooreCRFA$0.94M24 pts
Landon SlaggertLRFA$0.90M5 pts
Ethan Del MastroDRFA3 pts
Kevin KorchinskiDRFA7 pts

Free the summer after

Patrick KaneR$8.00M53 pts
Tyler BertuzziL$5.50M51 pts
Anton FrondellC$0.97M46 pts
Sacha BoisvertC$0.97M11 pts
Nick LardisL$0.93M20 pts

Biggest cap hits

Connor BedardC$15.00M4y left
Patrick KaneR$8.00M1y left · NMC
Frank NazarC$6.60M6y left
Bowen ByramD$6.25M6y left
Spencer KnightG$5.83M2y left
Tyler BertuzziL$5.50M1y left · M-NTC
Teuvo TeravainenC$5.40Mfinal yr · M-NTC
Alex VlasicD$4.60M3y left

Cap hits from CapWages for the 25 men on file. A dash is a figure we do not have, usually a restricted free agent whose entry-level deal has lapsed, and those are left out of the committed total rather than counted as nothing.

The crease

GSAx last season, projected next 11 / 12
GSAx view
Knight
55 starts last season
GSAx / start
-0.706
lg -0.858164th
Shot quality faced
0.0734
lg 0.073154th hardest
0.40-1.213977
10-start rolling GSAx · appearance 1-77 · shared scale
2026-27 projection
55 GS26 W (1432)0.903 SV%2.85 GAA
Soderblom
24 starts last season
GSAx / start
-1.418
lg -0.85816th
Shot quality faced
0.0762
lg 0.073184th hardest
0.40-1.214080
10-start rolling GSAx · appearance 1-80 · shared scale
2026-27 projection
29 GS13 W (817)0.894 SV%3.54 GAA
GSAx is goals saved above expected — what the shots he faced were worth, minus what he actually allowed. Shown per start, because a backup cannot out-accumulate a starter but can out-perform him on a per-night basis. Shot quality faced is expected goals per shot: higher means he was hung out to dry more often, and the percentile is where that workload ranks among goalies with 15+ starts. Rolling form is a 10-start moving average — is he playing well lately; running total is the season's accumulated damage. Per-game GSAx is too noisy to read either from directly.

Every skater

the reference table · Overall is value as a z-score against the league, so +1.00 is a standard deviation above average 12 / 12
Forwards · 20
PlayerRoleOverallGPGAP / ifPPPSHPSOGHITBLKPIM+/-FOWH+BS+H+BTrajectorySignals
Connor Bedard+1.3961284673/97240209322644-1424758267ascending
Anton FrondellL1·PP1+1.3079331346160287108431800151438PP1
Tyler BertuzziL2·PP1+0.7278262550.5190142592643-163885227sell-highPP1
Roman KantserovL3·PP2+0.3856221840/445019190313000121312
Patrick KaneL1·PP1+0.1163173652.9/68200149182114-5439188decliningPP1
Frank NazarL2·PP2+0.0863172642.8/55122135374026-934377212ascendingice time ↓
Dominic Toninato
Ryan DonatoL10.0078181835.350125822041-11170102227ice time ↑
Teuvo TeravainenL2·PP1-0.2778142740.92029622389-205260156decliningPP1
Cole Smith-0.396744801691742348-57197266bounce-back
Jordan Greenway-0.5563357.900601144152-813155215declining
Ryan GreeneL3·PP2-0.5572141831.651111463417-530481192
Andrew MangiapaneL4-0.716991019.31073702938-10499172decliningbounce-back
Nick LardisL4-0.885012920.3/334086701917-6188174
Oliver MooreL3·PP2-1.015481724.2/366073301822-510347120
Landon SlaggertL4-1.3156235.10055752522-21101155
Sacha Boisvert-1.55292911/241026491619006591
Marek Vanacker-1.7125549/23104136148005091
Vaclav Nestrasil-1.8722358/24103829123004179
Mason West-2.1014224/1800261983002753
Defence · 8
PlayerRoleOverallGPGAP / ifPPPSHPSOGHITBLKPIM+/-FOWH+BS+H+BTrajectorySignals
Bowen ByramD1·PP2+0.3376102939.25198589445+90153251
Artyom LevshunovD1·PP1+0.116442427.4/359092907540-170165257PP1
Ian ColeD2-0.067221213.301537214149+80213265
Alex VlasicD2-0.318031921.831893912820-110167256ice time ↓
Sam RinzelD3-0.385941316.6/2320105567042-20126230
Wyatt KaiserD3-0.9266368.80068457328-60118186ice time ↓
Ethan Del Mastro-1.07511230046615934-60120166declining
Kevin Korchinski-1.2560167.21055196422-11083138
Goalies · 2
GoalieGSWLOTLSV%GAASVSAGASHOGSAxGSAx/GS
Spencer Knight55262270.9032.85142815801533.0-38.8-0.706
Arvid Soderblom29131440.8943.548409401000.8-34-1.418

Projected record and projected ice time are model estimates; ranks, lines, projections and trend signals trace to real data.