Kodo Hockey← Chicago Blackhawks
2026-27 season preview
Chicago Blackhawks
39-36-987 pts27th of 32
Goals for
2.96
30th in the league
Goals against
3.24
27th in the league
Power play
16.9%
29th in the league
Kodo projects the Chicago Blackhawks for 39-36-9 (87 pts). In a banger league, the fantasy value runs through Roman Kantserov and Connor Bedard. 2 core skaters project to rise and 5 to slip. Spencer Knight is the projected starter.
Your categories · using the preset above
The crease
Spencer Knight
Spencer Knight projects the crease (~43 starts), but Arvid Soderblom (~40) makes it more timeshare than lock
Contents · 12 sections
ReportedNick Lardis — Nick Lardis' start to the season has been surprising. He has a secondary assist, 3 shots on net and 3 shot attempts through three games.
It's not just on him, but the Blackhawks have been pinned whenever he's been on the ice. At 5v5, opponents have a 39-11 advantage in shot attempts, 20-6 in shots on net, 24-4 in scoring chances, 14-4 in high-danger chances and 5-1 in goals. He has a 12.98 expected goals percentage, per @NatStatTrick. His line has become the fourth line. · @ByScottPowers ↗2026-10-04
InjuryBowen Byram — Out — Personal · CBS2026-10-03
tweet_campFrank Nazar — Blackhawks lines in warmups are the lines they used during most of training camp, then went away from:
Kantserov-Nazar-Kane
Bertuzzi-Frondell-Teravainen
Donato-Moore-Lardis
Smith-Greene-Greenway
Defensemen all rotating
Knight · @BenPopeCST ↗2026-10-03
ReportedBowen Byram — Chicago on the ice. Bowen Byram isn’t skating this morning. https://t.co/XrlTYLW6Qt · @BillHoppeNHL ↗2026-10-03
ReportedBowen Byram — Bowen Byram is not on the ice for Blackhawks morning skate · @BenPopeCST ↗2026-10-03
Each item names its source. Kodo's own projected line changes are not reported here.
25-2626-27Change
Goals for2.5631st2.9623rd+0.40▲8
Goals against3.2927th3.2427th-0.05
Power play16.929th19.5929th=+2.69~
Penalty kill83.62nd78.649th-4.96▼7
Faceoffs4631st48.2431st+2.24
Points percentage0.43931st0.51827th+0.079▲4
How these projections are made
Both bars share one scale per row — the wider of the two league ranges — so a bar that moves is a number that moved. The grey tick is that column's league average, and the arrow is the change in league rank. Goals-against and expected-goals-against rank ascending, so low is good and green always means improved.
Goals for, goals against and points percentage come from the roster: summed player projections over the real 26-27 schedule, last season's expected goals against regressed toward the league and adjusted for projected goaltending, and a game-by-game simulation of that schedule.
The special teams are projected from how much each number actually carries over year to year, measured across 298 team-season pairs going back to 2010-11. The power play uses one prior season shrunk 0.36; the penalty kill uses three, weighted .5/.3/.2 and shrunk 0.38. Special teams barely persist, so a league-worst penalty kill is mostly bad luck and comes most of the way back, while the faceoff dot is a repeatable team skill. How far a club moves depends on how far from the mean it started: Vancouver sits near league average on both the power play and the faceoff dot and barely shifts, while Edmonton's 30.6% power play comes back to the middle and this penalty kill, worst in the league, is the biggest riser of all 32.
The penalty kill averages three seasons because one measures it so badly. Split a single season's spread into ability and sampling noise — a kill rate is a binomial over about 250 opportunities, so the noise is known rather than guessed — and only 33% of the gap between clubs is real. Divide the year-over-year correlation by that and the ability underneath comes out near 1.0: penalty killing is almost perfectly persistent and merely hard to see in one season. The cure for a noisy measurement is more of it, and three seasons beat one by 4.3% out of sample. Because averaging reorders clubs, that row's rank is a real forecast; the rows marked = are single-season regressions, which compress the values but keep them in order, so their rank is last season's by construction and only the value is a prediction.
A roster-aware faceoff model was built and rejected on the evidence. Draw counts are not stored, but they can be recovered exactly from the per-game percentages, and with real draws a club's number reconstructs from its own centres. It still does not predict better: given a club's first half to learn from and even handed the second half's draw distribution, it scored 2.24 against the plain regression's 2.26 across 32 clubs, and the best blend of the two puts almost no weight on it. A team's faceoff percentage already carries who takes its draws. Expected goals has no team projection at all, so that row shows last season alone.
Goals for, goals against and points percentage come from the roster: summed player projections over the real 26-27 schedule, last season's expected goals against regressed toward the league and adjusted for projected goaltending, and a game-by-game simulation of that schedule.
The special teams are projected from how much each number actually carries over year to year, measured across 298 team-season pairs going back to 2010-11. The power play uses one prior season shrunk 0.36; the penalty kill uses three, weighted .5/.3/.2 and shrunk 0.38. Special teams barely persist, so a league-worst penalty kill is mostly bad luck and comes most of the way back, while the faceoff dot is a repeatable team skill. How far a club moves depends on how far from the mean it started: Vancouver sits near league average on both the power play and the faceoff dot and barely shifts, while Edmonton's 30.6% power play comes back to the middle and this penalty kill, worst in the league, is the biggest riser of all 32.
The penalty kill averages three seasons because one measures it so badly. Split a single season's spread into ability and sampling noise — a kill rate is a binomial over about 250 opportunities, so the noise is known rather than guessed — and only 33% of the gap between clubs is real. Divide the year-over-year correlation by that and the ability underneath comes out near 1.0: penalty killing is almost perfectly persistent and merely hard to see in one season. The cure for a noisy measurement is more of it, and three seasons beat one by 4.3% out of sample. Because averaging reorders clubs, that row's rank is a real forecast; the rows marked = are single-season regressions, which compress the values but keep them in order, so their rank is last season's by construction and only the value is a prediction.
A roster-aware faceoff model was built and rejected on the evidence. Draw counts are not stored, but they can be recovered exactly from the per-game percentages, and with real draws a club's number reconstructs from its own centres. It still does not predict better: given a club's first half to learn from and even handed the second half's draw distribution, it scored 2.24 against the plain regression's 2.26 across 32 clubs, and the best blend of the two puts almost no weight on it. A team's faceoff percentage already carries who takes its draws. Expected goals has no team projection at all, so that row shows last season alone.
They faded from where they started — -21 points of win percentage between the first quarter and the last.
Oct–Nov10-07 – 11-20
50%10-10
for3.30
against2.60
Nov–Jan11-21 – 01-03
29%6-15
for2.33
against3.81
Jan–Mar01-04 – 03-03
35%7-13
for2.40
against3.15
Mar–Apr03-06 – 04-15
29%6-15
for2.38
against3.81
Light nights
29.8%13th
25 of 84 games
Four-game weeks
85th
4 weeks of two or fewer
Back-to-backs
1216th
roughly one backup start each
Playoff-week games
1011th
over 3 weeks · 1 back-to-back
Games per week
2026-09-28on light nights2027-04-05
Games by month
Sep*
1Oct
13Nov
14Dec
10Jan
16Feb
9Mar
16Apr*
5* part of a month — the season opens and closes mid-month.
Lineup notes
This is the lineup the club can ice on opening night, not its best-case group. A player expected to miss more than the opening month is left out and his slot goes to whoever takes it — he keeps his projection below, he is out of the lineup, not out of the season.
Projected ice time totals 301.3 of the 300 skater-minutes a game has. Power play 3.16′ on the first unit, 1.79′ on the second; the kill 2.35′, 1.67′ and 1′ across three units — all measured.Change this lineup →
Forward lines
L1
L2
L3
L4
Defence pairs
D1
D2
D3
Special teams
Scratches & depth
* — unsigned restricted free agent. His club holds his rights, so he is projected and dressed here, but he is not yet under contract.
In Kane, Byram, Cole, Smith, Mangiapane, Greenway, Pouliot, Mackey, Commesso, Boucher, Felcman, Hayes
Callup Kantserov, Mastro, Frondell
Out Mikheyev, Burakovsky→OTT, Crevier→BUF, Murphy→EDM, Foligno→MIN, Dach→EDM, Grzelcyk, Slaggert→UFA
13.6→14.5 +0.9
17.7→18.6 +0.9
19.6→20.4 +0.8
19.6→20.4 +0.8
18.3→19.1 +0.8
18.3→16.1 -2.2
12.4→10 -2.4
13.3→10.5 -2.8
Biggest projected minute changes either way — a club's ice time is a fixed budget, so the departures above are what free it up. Full board →
Second power-play unit — quarterbackUNDERDEPLOYED7.8 pts at stake
holds it
5 proj pts · 14.5′ · 0′ PP
vs
pushing
34 proj pts · 20.4′ · 2.8′ PP
Kevin Korchinskimodel favours the challengerArtyom Levshunov
1.75 more min/game on PP2 (measured PP1 vs PP2 minutes), at the challenger's own scoring rate over a full season. Power-play gaps come from measured PP minutes last season; even-strength gaps from the role model that drives every projection on this page.
Second power-play unit — forward slotUNDERDEPLOYED5.2 pts at stake
holds it
27 proj pts · 13.4′ · 1.1′ PP
vs
pushing
21 proj pts · 12.5′ · 1.5′ PP
Oliver Mooremodel favours the challengerNick Lardis
Conversion
16.9%
on the man advantage
PP goals
43
518 shots
Expected goals
51.2
-8.2 vs actual
Shooting
8.3%
of PP shots go in
Who it runs through · last season
PlayerPP/gmSharePPGPPAPPP/60ixGIPPFocal
2.84′56%712195.35473%1.28
3.51′70%714215.26.678%1.25
1.12′22%2355.240.762%1.25
3.28′65%1110214.8710.969%1.17
3.19′63%48123.426.363%0.82
2.82′56%110113.441.565%0.82
1.55′31%2132.841.4—0.68
3.6′71%0222.782—0.67
1.43′28%1342.081.651%0.5
1.57′31%1120.933.5—0.23
What IPP, focal and ixG mean
IPP is the share of the power-play goals he was on the ice for that he got a point on. It is the direct form of “the play runs through him”: two men can take the same unit minutes while one touches the puck on every goal and the other watches from the far circle. League average on the power play is 59%. It is computed from the on-ice record of every goal, corrected for the ~18% of goals with no on-ice row and shrunk toward the positional mean for thin samples, so it cannot exceed 1.
Focal is the older, cruder version — his share of the team's power-play points over his share of its minutes. It is team-relative, so it moves when a teammate is injured; IPP does not. ixG is the expected goals from his own shots on the man advantage. Minutes are measured, not modelled.
Focal is the older, cruder version — his share of the team's power-play points over his share of its minutes. It is team-relative, so it moves when a teammate is injured; IPP does not. ixG is the expected goals from his own shots on the man advantage. Minutes are measured, not modelled.
Projected PP1Bertuzzi19 PPP (21 last yr)Frondell16 PPP (2 last yr)Kane21 PPP (19 last yr)Byram14 PPP (7 last yr)Kantserov21 PPP
Projected PP2Teravainen10 PPP (19 last yr)Nazar12 PPP (12 last yr)Levshunov9 PPP (11 last yr)Greene6 PPP (4 last yr)Moore6 PPP (5 last yr)Korchinski1 PPP
Hits
130231st
projected, this roster · of 32
Blocks
111028th
projected, this roster · of 32
Shots
24369th
projected, this roster · of 32
Penalty minutes
69515th
projected, this roster · of 32
Faceoff wins
189828th
projected, this roster · of 32
H+B
241230th
projected, this roster · of 32
S+H+B
484829th
projected, this roster · of 32
What actually moves these numbers
Penalty-kill time is the strongest driver of blocks we can measure. Across 1,504 consecutive season pairs, a skater who gains a minute of shorthanded time a game adds a median 9.5 blocks over 84 games — a defenceman 16 — and the effect runs monotonically the other way too: lose a minute and it is −15.6, or −25.9 for a defenceman. The PK column is here for that reason.
But it is mostly the minutes, not the man. Shorthanded time correlates +0.52 with blocks per 60 across players and only +0.14 within the same player year to year, which says coaches pick shot-blockers for the kill more than the kill turns anyone into one. A player promoted onto PK1 gains blocks because he is on the ice for more shots, not because he changed — so price the ice time, not a breakout.
Hits run opposite to ice time. Total minutes correlate −0.57 with hits per 60, and −0.60 among forwards: the fourth line hits, the first line does not. So a rate beats a total here more than in any other category, which is what the /60 columns are for — a checker on eleven minutes at 12 hits per 60 is worth more than a first-liner at 5 on nineteen, and their season totals can look identical.
Power-play time predicts the absence of all of it — −0.43 with hits per 60, −0.47 with blocks, −0.26 with penalty minutes. The men who run a power play are not the men who supply a banger roster, which is why the two sections of this page rarely name anybody twice.
Faceoff wins are a volume category. They track draws taken far more than win rate, so the man to want is the one taking the most — normally the first-line centre and whoever takes defensive-zone draws on the kill.
Measured on 2022-23 through 2025-26, skaters with 40+ games and 200+ minutes at both ends of each pair.
But it is mostly the minutes, not the man. Shorthanded time correlates +0.52 with blocks per 60 across players and only +0.14 within the same player year to year, which says coaches pick shot-blockers for the kill more than the kill turns anyone into one. A player promoted onto PK1 gains blocks because he is on the ice for more shots, not because he changed — so price the ice time, not a breakout.
Hits run opposite to ice time. Total minutes correlate −0.57 with hits per 60, and −0.60 among forwards: the fourth line hits, the first line does not. So a rate beats a total here more than in any other category, which is what the /60 columns are for — a checker on eleven minutes at 12 hits per 60 is worth more than a first-liner at 5 on nineteen, and their season totals can look identical.
Power-play time predicts the absence of all of it — −0.43 with hits per 60, −0.47 with blocks, −0.26 with penalty minutes. The men who run a power play are not the men who supply a banger roster, which is why the two sections of this page rarely name anybody twice.
Faceoff wins are a volume category. They track draws taken far more than win rate, so the man to want is the one taking the most — normally the first-line centre and whoever takes defensive-zone draws on the kill.
Measured on 2022-23 through 2025-26, skaters with 40+ games and 200+ minutes at both ends of each pair.
$88.3Mcommitted · 23 of 24 on file
11reach the market after this season
Pending free agents · this summer
| Teuvo TeravainenC | UFA | $5.40M | 41 pts |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ian ColeD | UFA | $4.00M | 14 pts |
| Jordan GreenwayL | UFA | $4.00M | 6 pts |
| Andrew MangiapaneL | UFA | $3.60M | 8 pts |
| Arvid SoderblomG | UFA | $2.75M | |
| Wyatt KaiserD | RFA | $1.70M | 9 pts |
| Artyom LevshunovD | RFA | $0.97M | 34 pts |
| Ryan GreeneC | RFA | $0.95M | 37 pts |
| Sam RinzelD | RFA | $0.94M | 21 pts |
| Oliver MooreC | RFA | $0.94M | 27 pts |
| Ethan Del MastroD | RFA | — | 2 pts |
Free the summer after
| Patrick KaneR | $8.00M | 56 pts |
|---|---|---|
| Tyler BertuzziL | $5.50M | 51 pts |
| Kevin KorchinskiD | $1.32M | 5 pts |
| Anton FrondellC | $0.97M | 44 pts |
| Nick LardisL | $0.93M | 21 pts |
Biggest cap hits
| Connor BedardC | $15.00M | 4y left |
|---|---|---|
| Patrick KaneR | $8.00M | 1y left · NMC |
| Frank NazarC | $6.60M | 6y left |
| Bowen ByramD | $6.25M | 6y left |
| Spencer KnightG | $5.83M | 2y left |
| Tyler BertuzziL | $5.50M | 1y left · M-NTC |
| Teuvo TeravainenC | $5.40M | final yr · M-NTC |
| Alex VlasicD | $4.60M | 3y left |
Cap hits from CapWages for the 23 men on file. A dash is a figure we do not have, usually a restricted free agent whose entry-level deal has lapsed, and those are left out of the committed total rather than counted as nothing.
GSAx view
Knight
55 NHL starts last season
GSAx / start
0.189lg -0.040567th pctile
Shot quality faced
0.1045lg 0.10452nd hardest
10-start rolling GSAx · appearance 1-77 · shared scale
2026-27 projection
43 GS21 W (12–27)0.895 SV%3.09 GAA
2025-26 actual · NHL
55 GS19 W0.902 SV%2.82 GAA
Soderblom
24 NHL starts last season
GSAx / start
-0.416lg -0.040512th pctile
Shot quality faced
0.1073lg 0.10466th hardest
10-start rolling GSAx · appearance 1-80 · shared scale
2026-27 projection
40 GS17 W (10–23)0.884 SV%3.86 GAA
2025-26 actual · NHL
24 GS8 W0.880 SV%3.80 GAA
Commessogone
3 NHL starts last season
GSAx / start
—Shot quality faced
0.0919lg 0.1040th hardest
10-start rolling GSAx · appearance 1-4 · shared scale
2026-27 projection
— GS— W— SV%— GAA
2025-26 actual · NHL
3 GS2 W0.918 SV%2.31 GAA
GSAx is goals saved above expected — what the shots he faced were worth, minus what he actually allowed. Shown per start, because a backup cannot out-accumulate a starter but can out-perform him on a per-night basis. Shot quality faced is expected goals per shot: higher means he was hung out to dry more often, and the percentile is where that workload ranks among goalies with 15+ starts. Rolling form is a 10-start moving average — is he playing well lately; running total is the season's accumulated damage. Per-game GSAx is too noisy to read either from directly.
Projections — Every Skater
the reference table · Overall is value as a z-score against the league, so +1.00 is a standard deviation above average‹ 12 / 12Forwards · 14
| Player | Role | Age | Overall | ADP | GP | G | A | P / if fit | PPP | SHP | SOG | HIT | BLK | PIM | +/- | FOW | H+B | S+H+B | Trajectory | Signals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roman Kantserov | L1·PP1 | 22 | +1.03 | 258.7 | 88 | 32 | 25 | 57.3 | 21 | 0 | 244 | 75 | 37 | 42 | 0 | 17 | 112 | 355 | — | PP1 |
| Connor Bedard | 21 | +0.83 | 68.2 | 67 | 31 | 50 | 80.9/98 | 24 | 0 | 230 | 36 | 28 | 48 | -14 | 251 | 64 | 294 | ascending | ||
| Anton Frondell | L2·PP1 | 19 | +0.54 | 188.9 | 87 | 32 | 13 | 44.1 | 16 | 0 | 228 | 63 | 57 | 21 | 0 | 497 | 120 | 348 | — | PP1 |
| Tyler Bertuzzi | L2·PP1 | 31 | +0.19 | 196 | 80 | 26 | 25 | 51 | 19 | 0 | 146 | 60 | 27 | 44 | -16 | 39 | 87 | 233 | PP1 | |
| Cole Smith | L4 | 31 | +0.11 | 292.4 | 70 | 6 | 4 | 10.7 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 182 | 24 | 50 | -6 | 7 | 206 | 278 | bounce-backice time ↓ | |
| Frank Nazar | L1·PP1 | 22 | -0.16 | 223 | 71 | 21 | 29 | 50.3/57 | 12 | 2 | 152 | 42 | 45 | 30 | -11 | 386 | 86 | 239 | ascendingPP1 | |
| Ryan Donato | L3·PP2 | 30 | -0.21 | 292.8 | 81 | 17 | 18 | 35.4 | 5 | 0 | 130 | 85 | 21 | 43 | -12 | 176 | 106 | 236 | ||
| Jordan Greenway | L4 | 29 | -0.69 | 292.5 | 56 | 2 | 4 | 5.8 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 101 | 37 | 46 | -7 | 11 | 138 | 191 | decliningice time ↓ | |
| Ryan Greene | L4·PP2 | 23 | -0.73 | 292.6 | 80 | 17 | 20 | 37.4 | 6 | 1 | 123 | 52 | 38 | 19 | -6 | 338 | 90 | 213 | — | |
| Patrick Kane | L1·PP1 | 38 | -0.78 | 166.6 | 67 | 18 | 39 | 56.3/68 | 21 | 0 | 158 | 19 | 22 | 15 | -5 | 5 | 42 | 200 | decliningPP1 | |
| Nick Lardis | L3 | 21 | -1.23 | 292.8 | 52 | 12 | 9 | 20.5/32 | 3 | 0 | 89 | 73 | 19 | 17 | -6 | 1 | 92 | 181 | — | |
| Teuvo Teravainen | L2·PP2 | 32 | -1.26 | 293.1 | 80 | 13 | 28 | 40.5 | 10 | 2 | 99 | 23 | 39 | 9 | -21 | 53 | 61 | 160 | declining | |
| Oliver Moore | L3·PP2 | 21 | -1.43 | 292.7 | 60 | 9 | 19 | 27.3/37 | 6 | 0 | 81 | 33 | 19 | 24 | -6 | 115 | 53 | 133 | — | |
| Andrew Mangiapane | 30 | -2.27 | 292.4 | 28 | 4 | 4 | 7.9/23 | 1 | 0 | 29 | 28 | 12 | 15 | -4 | 2 | 40 | 69 | decliningbounce-back |
Shading is that man's percentile among all projected forwards in the league, not among these 14. top 10% top 20 top 30 bottom 20. H+B and S+H+B take the weaker leg, because good at both is a floor rather than an average. P, SHP, PIM, +/- and FOW are unshaded — the percentile block does not carry them.
Defence · 8
| Player | Role | Age | Overall | ADP | GP | G | A | P / if fit | PPP | SHP | SOG | HIT | BLK | PIM | +/- | FOW | H+B | S+H+B | Trajectory | Signals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artyom Levshunov | RD1 | 21 | +0.61 | 261.1 | 75 | 6 | 29 | 34.1 | 9 | 0 | 108 | 106 | 88 | 46 | -20 | 0 | 194 | 301 | bounce-back | |
| Bowen Byram | 25 | +0.57 | 115.9 | 80 | 11 | 31 | 41.3 | 14 | 1 | 103 | 62 | 99 | 48 | +9 | 0 | 161 | 264 | |||
| Ian Cole | LD3 | 37 | +0.57 | 293.1 | 74 | 2 | 12 | 13.9 | 0 | 1 | 54 | 74 | 145 | 51 | +9 | 0 | 219 | 273 | ice time ↓ | |
| Sam Rinzel | RD2 | 22 | +0.13 | 213.8 | 69 | 5 | 15 | 20.6 | 2 | 0 | 123 | 65 | 82 | 49 | -3 | 0 | 147 | 269 | — | |
| Alex Vlasic | LD1 | 25 | -0.13 | 293 | 83 | 3 | 20 | 23.3 | 3 | 1 | 92 | 41 | 133 | 21 | -12 | 0 | 174 | 266 | ||
| Wyatt Kaiser | LD2 | 24 | -0.79 | 292.5 | 71 | 3 | 6 | 8.8 | 0 | 0 | 73 | 48 | 79 | 30 | -7 | 0 | 127 | 200 | ||
| Ethan Del Mastro* | 23 | -2.27 | 291.6 | 22 | 0 | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 27 | 26 | 15 | -3 | 0 | 53 | 73 | declining | ||
| Kevin Korchinski | D3·PP2 | 22 | -2.28 | — | 32 | 1 | 4 | 4.7/12 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 10 | 34 | 12 | -6 | 0 | 44 | 74 |
Shading is that man's percentile among all projected defencemen in the league, not among these 8. top 10% top 20 top 30 bottom 20. H+B and S+H+B take the weaker leg, because good at both is a floor rather than an average. P, SHP, PIM, +/- and FOW are unshaded — the percentile block does not carry them.
Goalies · 4
| Goalie | GS | W | L | OTL | SV% | GAA | SV | SA | GA | SHO | GSAx | GSAx/GS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spencer Knight | 43 | 21 | 17 | 5 | 0.895 | 3.09 | 1105 | 1235 | 130 | 2.3 | +10.4 | 0.189 |
| Arvid Soderblom | 40 | 17 | 19 | 4 | 0.884 | 3.86 | 1147 | 1297 | 150 | 1.0 | -10 | -0.416 |
| Stanislav Berezhnoy | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| Drew Commesso | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | +0.8 | — |
Projected record and projected ice time are model estimates; ranks, lines, projections and trend signals trace to real data.